Biofuels have been around as long as cars have.

A biofuel is a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation. These fuels are produced from living organisms.

Generating Electricity from Wing Waves.

Wind turbines, like windmills, are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 100 feet (30 meters) or more aboveground, they can take advantage of the faster and less turbulent wind.

Producing electricity from solar energy.

Solar energy is a free, inexhaustible resource, yet harnessing it is a relatively new idea. The ability to use solar power for heat was the first discovery.

Turbines catch the wind's energy with their propeller-like blades.

A blade acts much like an airplane wing. When the wind blows, a pocket of low-pressure air forms on the downwind side of the blade.

Solar energy may have had great potential

Solar technology advanced to roughly its present design in 1908 when William J. Bailey of the Carnegie Steel Company invented a collector with an insulated box and copper coils.

We have been harnessing the wind's energy for hundreds of years.

For utility-scale sources of wind energy, a large number of wind turbines are usually built close together to form awind plant.

Biofuels are produced from living organisms.

In order to be considered a biofuel the fuel must contain over 80 percent renewable materials.

Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth.

Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma.

Geothermal heat pumps can tap into this resource to heat and cool buildings.

A geothermal heat pump system consists of a heat pump, an air delivery system (ductwork), and a heat exchanger-a system of pipes buried in the shallow ground near the building.

In the future, civilization will be forced to research and develop alternative energy sources.

Possession of surplus energy is, of course, a requisite for any kind of civilization, for if man possesses merely the energy of his own muscles, he must expend all his strength - mental and physical - to obtain the bare necessities of life.

Wednesday 24 December 2014

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Friday 12 December 2014

On Twitter And The Cost Of Renewable Electricity

On Twitter And The Cost Of Renewable Electricity
"A few items caught my attention today:".1. The 15June09 issue of "TIME" reported that from April 2008 to April 2009, "GOOGLE "increased visitorship 9% ("121 million to 132 million"), "FACEBOOK" 217% ("22.5 million to 71 million") and "TWITTER "1298% ("1 million to 17 million"). Clearly, something is happening with "TWITTER", and you can gain a clue by clicking on "How Twitter Will Change The Way We Live.".2. Matthew Wald ("NEW YORK TIMES") reported in "SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN" the relative cost of power:.Cost of electricity to U.S. residential consumers--11 cents/kWh.Wind power
6.1-8.4 cents/kWh
(but transmission costs could be high).Geothermal power
6.2-7.6 cents/kWh.Solar thermal (trough)
19.9 -28.1 cents/kWh.Solar Photovoltaic
46.9-70.5 cents/kWh.THE SHOCKER IS THE HIGH COST OF SOLAR ELECTRICITY. I've tended to recently use for solar thermal 10 cents/kWh from Southern California utility reports and for photovoltaics 20 cents/kWh. I was too low by a factor of two or three..WIND POWER looks good, and the big advantage of GEOTHERMAL is that it is baseload. SHOULDN'T HAWAII TAKE A MORE PROGRESSIVE VIEW OF THIS OPTION? As at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority, instead of treating and dumping the hot effluents in wells, this fluid can serve to initiate new industries, as proven in the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute's Community Geothermal Applications Program more than three decades ago..The Solar Thermal Global Pricemark Indices range from 21 cents/kWh ("industrial, but 45 cents/kWh for a cloudy climate") to 37 cents/kWh ("residential, but 80 cents/kWh for a cloudy climate"). Best as I can tell, the solar system is the overall average of all types..Clearly, I will need to re-look at my earlier comparative assumptions. He did not mention conventional generation, but most references seem to use something between 4-8 cents/kWh for both coal and nuclear. However, my Huffington Post article of earlier this year reported that new nuclear powerplants ("if they ever get built") and coal with carbon dioxide recapture would today cost from 15 CENTS/KWH TO 30 CENTS/KWH..Hawaii, of course, suffers from much higher costs, for we use oil to generate most of our electricity. During the peak of prices last year, Hawaiian Electric charged more than 30 cents/kWh. Last month was exactly half that, 15 cents/kWh. Thus, we pay anywhere from 35% to 300% more than the U.S. average for electricity, and just accept it. People tend to complain about our higher price of gasoline, but the fact of the matter is that we pay just 10% more (U.S.=2.70/gallon and Hawaii = 3/gallon--see table at right). -The Dow Jones Industrials sunk 200 points in the first hour, and just sort of stayed there, down 187 to 8612, due to recession fears and geopolitical factors. World markets all dropped, and so did gold ("minus 10/toz to 929") and oil ("fell below 70/barrel, but recovered to 70.47").-

Cyprus Welcomes New Era Of International Cooperation On Renewable Energy Between Island Countries

Cyprus Welcomes New Era Of International Cooperation On Renewable Energy Between Island Countries
In a sign of the growing significance of renewable energy for Cyprus, the country's president, Nicos Anastasiades, addressed attendees of the recent Renewable Energy Applications for Island Tourism conference, stressing that "establishing and enhancing energy cooperation with neighboring countries is one of our top priorities."Organized by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and the Cypriot government, the event, which took place May 29-30, presented a wide variety of renewable energy applications and solutions for island nations burdened by the high costs of imported fossil fuel and isolated power grids but blessed with great clean energy potential.Anastasiades told the audience of international policymakers, renewable energy industry representatives and government officials that closer energy cooperation with neighboring countries was of the utmost importance for Cyprus, which, as a small island nation in the Eastern Mediterranean, has an energy system isolated from the European and regional grids and remains dependent on expensive energy imports.IRENA established the Global Renewable Energy Islands Network (GREIN) in 2012 as part of its Malta Communique in an effort to pool knowledge, share best practices and find innovative solutions for the accelerated uptake of cost-effective renewable energy.Some 120 guests and participants from around the globe, including representatives from as far away as Fiji and Tonga, attended the event, held at the Aphrodite Hills Resort Hotel near the city of Paphos."I have no doubt that through the discussions held and the resulting exchange of knowledge and best practices, this important event has already ushered a new era of bilateral, regional and international cooperation on renewable energy between island countries and territories, all over the world," Anastasiades said.The president added that "by highlighting the significance of the contribution of renewables to the tourism sector, the workshop is actively supporting the ongoing efforts made by such countries, including Cyprus, in introducing and accelerating the deployment of renewable energy sources in their energy mix. Our shared vision is that through IRENA networks and support, the private sector will be greatly facilitated in developing the viable business models necessary to expand the energy market in the crucial tourism industry."Cyprus became a member of IRENA's Policy and Strategy Committee in 2011 and this year it was selected as a council member of the agency. Cyprus has also been a GREIN member since the network's inception in 2012.Pointing out that Cyprus enjoyed more than 300 days with 75% of sunshine annually, the president added that the country had the highest solar heating capacity installed per capita of all European countries, with approximately 93% of households and 53% of hotels being equipped with solar water heating systems.The "accelerated deployment of renewable energy sources, in conjunction with tourism activities, can play a pivotal role in overcoming our country's current economic troubles," Anastasiades stressed.The president said Cyprus' trajectory targets on renewable energy sources had already been met and exceeded, adding that the country's new National Action Plan set even higher renewable energy penetration targets.Cyprus' 2020 target calls for a 13% renewable energy sources contribution to its gross final energy consumption. With a current renewables share of about 9% (160 MW), the country is well on its way to achieving the goal.Anastasiades said the success of the country's renewable energy policy relied on three main pillars:ARTICLE FROM PV MAGAZINEACCESS TO MORE ABOUT LANDPOWER SOLAR PANEL MOUNTING: SOLAR MOUNTING SYSTEMS, SOLAR RACKING, SOLAR HARDWARE, PV MOUNTING, GROUND MOUNTING SYSTEMS